Ethical or Unethical Essay

Calling in sick when you really are not is unethical because on such short notice a replacement will be difficult, if at all, to find. Someone needs to do the job that you are hired to do with or without you. Everybody at one point or another gets ill and that is understandable but every day that job is not done or done incorrectly costs the company money. If the company feels that you are costing them more than if they trained someone else with a better attendance record for your position they will let you go. Taking office supplies home for personal use is unethical and illegal because they are property of the company. Theft is something we are taught at a young age to be wrong so in essence this also goes against morals. The company loses money and they need to cover this loss by either cutting hours, laying off employees, postponing raises or giving them to some employees. You could be one of those employees without a raise indirectly affected or arrested for stealing if caught. Cheating on a work appraisal is risky if not unethical. This directly relates to money and affects many different parties directly as well as indirectly in a negative way. Profits are the difference between success and the demise of a business but cheating is a quick route to demise. A business will not support an employee whose actions put their company at such risk. Turning in a coworker for stealing is ethical in the sense of the word but may go against the morals you know growing up. Stealing is wrong but a â€Å"snitch† is not what any of us wants to be. It is a double-edged sword, the company will be grateful in knowing who is stealing from them and will eradicate that problem but then you will be a known â€Å"snitch† who can’t be trusted. Overcharging on your company expense report is seemingly harmless, but in the end who really pays? For the meantime, while you are a productive member of the staff it is acceptable but eventually may not equate to your overall production. The issue at hand is if this were ethical behavior, the answer would have to be no. You have to keep in mind this is not your money and if it were, would you be so generous. Surfing the net on company time unethical is extreme especially if it is pertaining to company business. The questionable part is whether this falls into the category of ethical or unethical. If you are surfing, the net for personable reasons that is not something the company should pay for. It is intolerable behavior and when it takes time away from your duties that is unethical and that is means for termination. If you are surfing the net after your work is completed and you still have time on the clock before your work day is done that is just taking advantage of the situation and would be worthy of a warning not to do again or else. Lying (exaggerating) about yourself (education or experience) on a resume or during a job interview is immoral which in definition is unethical but then again it has to do with your upbringing. If you do something you know is wrong then you just should not do it. If in reality it does not hurt anyone then it can be justifiable but not excused. If you know you can do the job that the description calls for but you do not possess the experience that is required, I think is something one has to decide if it is ethical. Despite the simplicity of the definition, application is more complex. (McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009)

Piaget’s Theories Essay

The summary of Piaget’s theories includes stages of learning through cognitive development. The cognitive perspective was revolutionized by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. Piaget proposed â€Å"that all people pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development†. (Feldman, 2008, p. 20) Piaget’s theory outlined four stages of development. Piaget’s Four Stages of Learning The four stages of learning are sensorimotor, birth to 2 years old, preoperational, ages 2 to 4, concrete operations, ages 7 to 11, and formal operations, ages 11 to 15. Campbell, 1976, p. 1) Piaget’s four stage learning model demonstrates how the mind processes new information encountered at different ages. The child does not move from one stage to the next until it has reached physical maturation and has experienced relevant situations. (Feldman, 2008, p. 151) In the sensorimotor stage the infant learns through interaction with the environment, which could include mouthing and touching items to build an understanding of oneself at this stage of cognitive development. The infant is unable to speak therefore learns through assimilation. (Campbell, 1976, p. 1) Catherine P. Cook-Cottone used Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development to analyze student counseling sessions. In her article â€Å"Using Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development to Understand the Construction of Healing Narratives† she identifies the stages of learning of students in sessions. Students in the sensorimotor stage â€Å"may enter the counseling situation with a very limited ability to conceptualize and describe their presenting problems†. Cook-Cottone, Fall 2004, Volume 7, p. 182) In the pre-operational stage conceptualizing abstractly is not possible. There needs to be concrete physical situations for the child to understand there is a difference. The child needs to see objects in simple ways with important features setting it apart from other objects. (Feldman, 2008, p. 151) In â€Å"Using Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development to Understand the Construction of Healing Narratives† there is a sequence of learning for the students in therapy who work through resolving their problems. Cook-Cottone, Fall 2004, Volume 7) In pre-operational stage students are able to label the areas of concerns. â€Å"As students gain therapueutic experience with concepts or issues, they begin to develop increasingly organized schemata for the problem-related experences†. (Cook-Cottone, Fall 2004, Volume 7, p. 182) Concrete operations stage the child begins to think abstractly and is able to conceptualize. (Feldman, 2008, p. 151) The child creates logical explanations for the physical experience it is relating to or sees. Catherine P.  Cook-Cotton states â€Å"Once labels are consistently used in the counseling situation, students narratives become increasing more focused on making many connections among experiences. (Cook-Cottone, Fall 2004, Volume 7, p. 183) The fourth and final learning stage is formal operations. This stage is the final learning phase for an individual. There is no longer a need for concrete objects to reason, and hypothesis begins. (Campbell, 1976) In â€Å"Using Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development to Understand the Construction of Healing Narratives† the students â€Å".. ave achieved a formal integration of the problem-specific content, they begin to make a sophisticated associations among more abstract ideas in addtion to being able to make associations amoung concrete experiences†. (Cook-Cottone, Fall 2004, Volume 7, p. 183) Piaget’s Theory vs. B. F. Skinner Operant Theory With â€Å"operant conditioning, formulated and championed by psychologist B. F. Skinner, individuals learn to act deliberately on their environments in order to bring about desired consequences†. (Feldman, 2008, p. 19) Cognitive Development operates on the individual assessing, learning and developing through inner self and their experience with the environment. With operant conditioning the individual learns by reinforcing a behavior through a series of rewards or consequences to avoid the behavior. In other words, positive or negative consequences determine the learning, and ultimate behavioral outcome. Conclusion Piaget’s theory of cognitive development revolutionized the way learning was observed. The focus turned to how an individual learns from within instead of observing the environment and what the individual learns from their surroundings.

Beauty Therapy Stone Therapy Assignment Brief Essay

Research the history and origins of stone therapy massage and how it may be incorporated with other therapy related treatments. Massage is one of the oldest forms of hands-on-healing known, people from virtually every culture have used a combination of touch, heat or thermotherapy and stones as therapeutic tools. The three main cultures, which have heavily influenced how modern-day hot stone massage has evolved, the Chinese, the Native Americans and the Hawaiians although Egyptian, Ayurvedic and many other traditional healing arts are also said to have used stones and heat. One of the first recorded uses of stones for healing was by Ancient Chinese a medical practitioner who regularly used various shaped stones known as Bian Stones to treat disease. The use of Moxabustion burning of the herb mugwort helped to add heat to these treatments. Native Americans are well known for their Sweat Lodges, which are similar to modern-day Saunas. The use of heated stones on the lower abdomen to relieve cramps was another common Native American practice. Most therapists who incorporate hot stones into their massage routine agree that the Hawaiians had a major part to play in how this form of massage is applied today. This is particularly true for Hahana Stone Massage. Customary uses included wrapping hot stones in leaves with certain therapeutic properties ti leaves and placing on sore muscles to reduce pain, like using a heat pack. . Modern-day hot stone massage therapy is a truly unique style of massage, has been gaining popularity through-out the world after being re-discovered in the United States in 1993. The story is that a massage therapist named Mary Nelson, who was suffering from repetitive use injuries in the shoulders and wrists, was having a sauna with her niece and which had stones in. Mary picked up some of the hot stones and started massaging her niece with them, she felt great. The first style of modern-day hot stone massages therapy was called ‘LaStone Therapy’. Almost every Spa in Europe, America and Australia  offers hot stone massage therapy on their treatment plans. There are a verity number of different styles of stone massage, hot stone massage and cold stone massage these can be incorporated into different treatments like body massage as a pre heat treatment to warm up the muscle to aid muscle manipulation, manicures placed in between the fingers, pedicures placed in between the toes, facials during the massage to aid lymph drainage over the face, sports or remedial massage to relieve muscle pain or tension in the muscle and Indian head massage to aid in relaxation. 2. Explain how you would prepare the treatment area for stone therapy massage taking into account the following aspects: heating, lighting, privacy, noise level, hygiene and finishing touches. When you enter the treatment room you should check the floor is clean and there is no oil spillages on the floor, if there is wipe up with warm soapy water and dry with paper towels, you should place clean bed sheet on the treatment bed, cover with clean towels and bed roll with modesty towels and a flannel available for wiping over the client feet at the beginning and end of the massage. The sides should be wiped down with surgical spirit, sink should be clean with hand soap available. You need to place an hand towel down or tissue to place the stone heater on, the machine should be clean and pat tested, a quick check of the wires and that the machine is in working order shouldn’t take more then a minute, all stones in the machine should be clean and oil free, you should have a bowl to fill the heater with water, the water should be level with the stones. You should turn the machine to pre heat for them to be at working temperature 55ï‚ °C for the treatment. You should pla ce a towel next to the machine for when you take the stones out of the heater, a bowl of cool water should be next to the towel ready incase the stone need cooling down before applying heat to the client, you should check the thermometer in the machine to see the temperature of the water, if the water is at working temperature change the machine to operating range to keep the stone at the correct heat. You would have a small bowl with tissue and a cotton bud in to patch test the oil the client has chosen. Tissue should be placed on the floor by the bed for when the client gets off the bed to stop then from slipping from any oil still on their feet. Heating: making sure the room isn’t to hot or cold for the client as to much heat can make client feel faint or even collapse, if the room in to cold the client may not receive the most of the benefits from the treatment and they may not fell comfortable. Lighting: there should be mood lighting or a dimmer switch to aid in relaxation during the treatment, as a bright light may cause the client to tense up and not relax which can ruin the experience for them. Privacy: the treatment should take place in a private treatment room so other client or therapist doesn’t disturb the client during the treatment so the client can relax and receive all the benefits of the massage. Some client can feel self-conscious about their body and a private room can make them feel comfortable and not exposed. Noise Level: there sound be no loud noises in or near the treatment room, relaxing music should be playing in the back ground to aid in relaxation but not to loud that it disturbs the client or any other client receiving treatments. Hygiene: all treatment room should be cleaned before and after client enter, the bed cover should be replaced with clean one, dirty towels should be placed into the wash with clean ones to replaced them, fresh bed roll placed on the floor and bed, sinks should be wiped down after every treatment, any oil spillages should be cleaned up with warm soapy water, bins emptied with fresh bin liners in, fresh clean dressing gowns in the room for client use, all side be wiped down with surgical spirit, all stone washed and dried after every treatment and stone heater cleaned after every treatment, therapists should wash hands before and after treatment, therapists should have excellent personal hygiene, sort nails free of nail polish, hair tided up, plain day make up, clean fresh uniform. Finishing Touches: to make yourself stand out you could place battery candles around the room, bath rose soap petals on the bed that the can take home  after the treatment, have an oil burner in the corner to have a relaxing and welcoming smell in the room, offer rose quartz water after treatment or herbal teas to complement the treatment. This will set you apart from other therapist as it is these things that clients remember about the treatment and what will bring them back in future and they will recommend you to friends and family 3. Describe how you would adapt a massage routine to suit the individual client’s physical characteristics to include each of the following: weight, muscle tone, age, health and skin condition. Every stone therapy massage is different as you would adapt the massage to suit the clients needs as everyone is an individual and have different problem areas needing more concentrating on or just having the massage to aid in relaxation, what ever the reason you would always be changing and adapting the massage in order to achieve the client outcome of the massage. There are many factors that could change the routine of the massage: Weight: weight of the client is a factor as this will determine the size of the stones, amount of oil needed and the area the therapist will be working on, you may find that people with endomorph body types maybe sensitive to heat and pressure but have good muscle tone as with someone with ectomorph body type maybe able to stand a lot of heat and deeper pressure. Muscle Tone: clients with good muscle tone will feel the heat off the stones in the muscle in which this will help eliminate any tension in the muscle fibres, younger clients tend to have better muscle tone than older clients as with age the elasticity in the skin and muscle tend to weaken in which when lying down you may not see a lot of muscle areas but more boney areas in which you have to be careful not to cause the client any discomfort as the massage is meant to be both relaxing and enjoyable. Age: age is a big factor in determining the pressure of the massage and the heat of the stones, younger client will have more elasticity and collagen in the skin which helps with the stone to stretch the skin and a smoother  gliding motion over the surface, they will be able to stand more heat on the skin and tend not to bruise from the pressure of the stones on the muscles, older clients have less elasticity and collagen in which during the massage the skin takes longer to go back during the massage in which the skin may bundle up and cause the client discomfort, the client may bruise a lot more easily and more quickly due to age and clients may be more sensitive to the heat from the rocks. Health: if the client is in good health they will and has a good diet stone therapy Skin Condition: 4. Describe in detail stone therapy massage techniques and how these may be adapted to suit your clients considering general body types, muscle tone and skin conditions. Body Types: Taking into consideration the clients body type, you may find they don’t have much muscle on their back if they have an ectomorph body, if they are mesomorph they will have defined muscles or if they are endomorph they may have a bigger frame but not a lot of muscle, client can fall into more than one of these categories, when starting the massage with effleurage you can manual and visually assess the client body type to get a good a idea of how much pressure you should apply during the massage although some clients with a small build may like a firm massage while others with a bigger build may not be able to handle the pressure. Muscle Tone: Effleurage: Effleurage is used for spreading the oil over the client’s body and warming the muscle and tissues, this technique is used to begin the end the massage. Begin with your hand and stroke with superficial effleurage along the area to be massaged first, this is a good movement to manual check the muscle  tone and skin condition of the client, while still doing effleurage pick up the stones and introduce the texture of the stone to the skin. Take care over bony areas and that you can do more transverse effleurage, down the body, working along the length of the muscle fibres. Stroking: A gliding stroke is often performed with the outer edge of the stone, which reduces the amount of pressure applied, and it is really useful for finishing the movement at a lymph node to aid drainage. Combing/ stripping: This is a deep, intense stroke using the stone on its edge, working the muscle along its entire length from its origin to its insertion. This helps pull the muscle fibres outward and removes tension, and is best performed when the stone has lost some of its heat, so use this after the first round of effleurage to create a deep release and stretch of soft tissue. Petrissage: Pressing and releasing of the tissue that you would achieve with the hands can be achieved with the stones either flat or for deep concentrated work using the edges. Though you do not have as much contact with the body as you do with manual massage and cannot judge the extra depth, which the stones give. These kneading movements can be very deep always be aware they can cause bruising, clients may think that pain is part of the treatment and that they must put up with it, there is a certain painful but relaxing feeling in having tension knots removed, it should not be continuously sore. The client should not feel tender afterwards, if they do this is a sign you are going too deeply into the tissue. Frictions: Frictions can be simulated with stones by using the edge of the stone, to give mild pressure for a soothing feeling or more concentrated pressure to stimulate the nerve endings. This will entirely depend upon the client, whether they just need tension released or deep tissue manipulation. Alternatively you may miss this movement out altogether if the client wants  to fall asleep. Piezoelectric effects or vibrations can be achieved with the stones very successfully. Vibrations can also be achieved by rhythmical tapping of two stones together creating sound – one stays in contact with skin while the other taps it at the top. This causes a transfer of energy to electrical vibration that should gently remind the client of the noise. This method is effective at removing tension knots. Stone placing: The stones are placed on or underneath the body, covered by a towel or sheet to prevent burning. Never place stones directly onto the vertebrae or placements before the massage, placement should be after the massage continuing the good relaxing work of the stones and keeps heat in the muscles. Holding: The heated stones can be held in the hands to keep the client warm during treatment or for any specific problems in any region. It is good to keep checking with the client that the stone isn’t to hot for them or burning their hands and keep referring back to the client to check that they are comfortable. 5. Research and explain two pre-blend aromatherapy oils used in stone therapy massage and the effects each blend will have on your stone therapy massage. Stimulating: is recommended for people who feel sluggish, tired and emotionally drained. The benefits and use of this pre-blend is used for strengthening the immune system, uplifting, relieves bloating and indigestion, helps with high blood pressure and asthma, ect. Essential oils: Lemon, Cedarwood, Juniper, Prunus, Citrus Peal, Peppermint and Juranium. Anti Stress: is recommended for people who feel stressed, used for stimulating the lymphatic system, helps reduces headaches, helps reduces cellulite, relieves aches and pains, helps reduce insomnia, respiratory problems, helps reduce panic attacks and anxiety, helps improve self esteem Essential oils: Sweet Orange, Sweet Almond, Lavender, Mandarin, Avocado, Weedjurm, Grapefruit, Petitgrain, Ylang Ylang and Margarin. The effects that the pre-blended oils have on the body when using with stone therapy massage, they will affect the body much quick and spreads though out the body much faster due to the heat stimulating the muscle fibres and blood circulation, the heat enhances the overall effect of the massage faster then manual massage as one movement with the stone massage is equal to ten movements with manual massage. Other benefits of pre-blended oils are: Dramatic improvement in general health and well being, increase in vitality, improvement in the colour and texture of the skin, positive effect on mood and thought, relieves stress, stimulates or soothes the nervous system, eliminates toxic waste from the skin and muscle system, stimulates blood and lymph supply, relieves muscular tension and warms the muscles. 6. Create a client information/after-care advice sheet, to explain the post-treatment restrictions, after-care advice and use of homecare products for stone therapy treatments. There are many physical and emotional benefits to regular stone massage. Stone massage will soothe away stress and tension, leaving you feeling peaceful, relaxed, revitalized and energized and it is becoming a very popular treatment, perfect for promoting a calm mind, balanced emotions, a stress-free body and for maintaining optimum holistic health. Stone massage feels wonderful and healing, it is relaxing and has a positive effect on the mind, emotions, nervous system, circulation and muscles. After your massage you will usually feel relaxed and be enjoying the benefits of the treatment, however to gain maximum benefit it’s a good idea to follow a few simple guidelines for at least 24 hours and preferably 48 hours after you receive your massage. Try to relax and avoid strenuous activity for the rest of the day Drink plenty of water and avoid alcohol, fizzy drinks and those containing caffeine Eat light meals and avoid heavy or spicy foods Avoid heat treatments (hot baths, saunas etc) Avoid smoking or cut down as much as possible Following your massage you may experience some of the following symptoms for up to 48 hours Aches, pains or mild flu like symptoms Stuffy, runny or blocked nose Heightened emotions Tiredness or fatigue Increased visits to the toilet Slight worsening of symptoms Irritable or weepy Increased thirst These symptoms are quite normal and are simply a sign that your body is going through a healing process so try to embrace them as something positive and know they won’t last long. Bibliography http://www.pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk/FEAndVocational/WorkBasedLearning/BeautyTherapy/Level3(NVQSVQ)DiplomainBeautyTherapy/Samples/Level3CandidateHandbooksamplematerial/Level3BeautyTherapyCandidateHandbookUnitB28.pdf

Explain the key differences between intended and emergent approaches Essay

Explain the key differences between intended and emergent approaches to developing strategy. Why might one be preferred to the other by strategic managers - Essay Example Factors that might convince an organization to adopt the emergent approach include a need to change according to the changing environment and context, advancement of technology paving way for new channels of communication and operation, unexpected and abrupt increase or drop in the value of currency, and stakeholder influence. Factors that might influence the emergent approach and optimize an organization’s tendency to stick to the intended approach include the commitment to the original vision and mission of the organization, and the constraints of resources. A very good example of emergent approach is provided by Mark Zuckerberg, the Harvard University student and the founder of Facebook. Zuckerberg’s intended approach in 2003 after being dumped by his girlfriend was to create the website â€Å"FaceMash† as a platform where the beauty of young women would be voted on. The website first evolved into Thefacebook online social network meant exclusively for the Harvard students. But the surprising and growing popularity of the website caused Zuckerberg to morph it into Facebook open to everybody in the world. â€Å"Ironically, Facebook’s emphasis on connecting with existing and new friends is about as different as it could be from Zuckerberg’s original mean-spirited concept† (Ketchen and Short, 2013). It can be stated without doubt that the emergent and realized strategies used by Zuckerberg proved much nobler for him compared to the intended strategy with which he had originally started his entrepreneursh ip. A good example of intended approach to developing strategy is the intended strategy of General Electric (GE) in the later half of the 20th century, in the form of a direction from Jack Welch, the then CEO of the company, that all units of business were supposed to be number one or number two in their market or industry; or had a good

Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategies - Essay Example FDI is often defined as an accord through which an entity of one economy tends to invest capitals in another economy with the purpose of gaining and simultaneously providing long-term benefits to the parties involved, i.e. the direct investor, direct investment enterprise, and the economies on the whole (OECD, 2009). As is evident from the benchmark definition provided by OECD, FDI ordinarily means the liberty to foreign investor allowing them to set up a production unit through investment in the host country with the purpose to stimulate the means of production in the economy and thus enhance capital allocation (Neuhaus, 2006). It is in this context that the involvement of FDIs in the economic development of the host countries, especially in the case of developing countries has been in debate for decades. In this regard, the foremost concern was drawn on the sovereignty of the state governments and the effects that FDIs had due to growing influences. As stated by Schnitzer (2000), F DIs reward few significant rights to the direct investors in order to operate in the host country with minimal legislative barriers. This influences the monetary policies of the country which in turn affects the sovereignty of the state government as can be observed from the illustration of East European economies, e.g. Hungary, Poland, Czech and others (Schnitzer, 2000). In many instances, FDIs have been witnessed to affect the sustainable development of the host country as well. It is worth mentioning that from a general point of view FDIs are expected to provide the host country with enhanced employment opportunities; thereby reducing poverty and enhancing the overall economic growth. However, it is quite important that the resource allocation is equally distributed in the country to gain total development. But evidences have revealed that FDIs have failed in providing total benefit to the host developing economies (Velde, 2001). To be illustrated in the case of Africa, the FDIs had been recorded to increase significantly as was recorded in 2002. Despite the significant rise in inflows of FDIs in the economies, namely, Nigeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and Algeria, also recorded as the chief direct investment enterprises of the continent, the economic growth has been quite low in comparison to other economies facilitating FDIs, such as Poland, Hungary and other Western economies. The increase of corruptions, extortions and other social issues has also affected the economic growth in these countries. Weak sustainable development can also be witnessed in the case of Latin American as well as Caribbean economies (Gardiner, 2002). FDIs have also proved to be beneficial in many instances, e.g. in the case of China. The inclusion of FDIs in the economy have rewarded with better productivity in the technology sector as well as in the case of human resource development with almost equal distribution of resources. China, as a developing economy had also faced the risk of sov ereignty and other political, economical along with social risks which were dealt with

Sales and Financing DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sales and Financing DB - Essay Example As Jim’s company has recorded a high profit during the year, the tax will naturally increase at the end of the financial year. However the large purchase of inventory during the last week of December can reduce taxes as the total liabilities in the balance sheet will offset the profit earned during the year. It is perfectly legal, moral and ethical to do everything one can within the law to minimize one’s taxes as per the Tax laws. One of the most important aspects about tax reduction strategy is that a tax dollar deferred is a tax dollar saved. By legally delaying the payment of taxes until a later date, Jim can save money because he has the use of that money until he pays it to authorities next year. The taxation authorities allow one to write off all or a portion of the cost as an expense against one’s income in the current year. That will reduce the profits and thereby the tax liability on those profits. In a LIFO pattern, when one purchases inventory and how it is accounted for can affect one’s taxes. Any procedures undertaken within legal framework to reduce one’s taxes are considered perfectly ethical within the law, however manipulative they might seem otherwise. Hence Jim need not worry on this aspect and should go ahead with the end of financial year addition to his inventory. From the given facts it is clear that Lucy Shafer is running a successful dog-breeding business as she is thinking of expansion in the first place. The loan from her uncle seems quite liberal as she does not have to make any principal payments for five years which is a pretty long time and the business expansion, if successful, can easily help her to pay off the loan from her relative. Under these circumstances her decision not to disclose this information to the bank is a calculated risk which she can take. The effect of showing the loan as contributed capital will

Disparities and Sentencing of African Americans Research Paper

Disparities and Sentencing of African Americans - Research Paper Example Since it is a very much controversial issue, my primary objective will be exploring the all the aspect of so called disparities and sentencing of the African American clan in the white's land and also calculating possibility and to answer the hypothesis that amount of time that this clan get for the same crime as whites. Since this research problem needs an in depth study and it give rise to some insights to the magnitude of the racism I'll formulate such research questions which help me to lead exploring the reality of the problem and if so, to analyze the measurements taken by the authorities against this issue. The questions will be, 1. What is the magnitude of the disparities being faced by African Americans 2. How the sentencing system differs between the African Americans and Caucasians 3. Whether the government has taken any actions against such disparities and sentencing 4. If so, to what extent 5. For how long the African Americans undergo such disparities in future 6. Whether there is any possibility that an African American get same crime as Caucasians 2Chapter 1 Background Since it is highly necessary to gather accurate information for giving an ample scope to my research problem, I will approach autonomous and governmental bodies like Bureau of Justice...Since this research problem needs an in depth study and it give rise to some insights to the magnitude of the racism I'll formulate such research questions which help me to lead exploring the reality of the problem and if so, to analyze the measurements taken by the authorities against this issue. The questions will be, Since it is highly necessary to gather accurate information for giving an ample scope to my research problem, I will approach autonomous and governmental bodies like Bureau of Justice Statistics and National Justice References Services. Collecting data from such bodies will help me to compare sentencing system with regard to Caucasians and African Americans .Further it will help me to assess the magnitude of the disparities occurring against the African Americans. By resorting to all these data I will formulate a time frame to calculate the amount of time the blacks get same crime as Caucasians. If adequate data is not available from these bodies I will approach other governmental bodies such as Federal Justice Statistics. Since the periodicals, Journals, publications etc. enumerate accurate information I will choose best of them.

Reaction Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Reaction Paper - Essay Example This is the same reason why Saeko had to seek the help of the doctor after she felt her glue tricks would fail her one day. It is her fear of looking unattractive again that drives her to have cosmetic surgery done (Cullen, â€Å"Changing Faces†). In accordance to the reaction paper, one could clearly pin point the effect of inequities in health care. The number of practitioners that got sued due to medical mishaps related to cosmetic surgery somehow increased over the years due to shoddy jobs done by people not licensed to do so. In poorer places, a lot of people claiming to offer cosmetic surgeries mushroomed and offered people to pay less money for the same services offered by registered practitioners. The unregistered health providers in this poorer areas resulted in increased number of lawsuits due to their poor health service (Cullen, â€Å"Changing Faces†). The poor that wanted to get attractive fell for this unregistered health providers tricks since they offered them low prices for the same services. If not for poverty, this people would have looked for better services from registered cosmetic surgeons. From the film, it is clearly depicted that gender plays a role in health. Women are more likely to seek for health services compared to men. From the sociological perspective, Saeko went to seek the help of a cosmetic surgeon in order to have her eye widened so as to look attractive. In addition, more women in Asian countries are seeking to have their physical appearances made more attractive as westernization sets in and defines beauty in another way. From the film, women tend to have better health seeking behaviour compared to men. Men often are satisfied with the way they look and seek less services related to cosmetic surgery (Cullen, â€Å"Changing Faces†). In addition, Saeko got employed as a hostess in a given bar after she

Forensically investigating a security breach while balancing the need Research Paper

Forensically investigating a security breach while balancing the need for business continuity and rapid return to normalcy within the organization - Research Paper Example So as to ensure the network security and security of information on the network, an organization has to have a response and investigation plan. There are many reasons as to why an organization should use a response and investigation plan. According to Vacca and Rudolph (2011), a response and investigation plan offers solutions to how hacking/intrusion attacks can be handled by the organization reducing damage and loss. This, however, builds confidence with the shareholders and helps cut losses that are as a result of hacking. With that in mind, this paper intends to provide a response and investigation plan for a large manufacturing Aspen Company with extensive intellectual property distributed across multiple locations in the United States and Latin America. There have been several recent small scale hacking/intrusion attacks that appear to be reconnaissance efforts for a larger scale attack. Reentry, the company faced an attack which affected its customer and shareholders data. Hacking/intrusion attack is not an issue that is going to go away anytime soon. As the internet grows, and more users come online, hackers and introducers want to have access to personal data or organization’s confidential information (Anson, Bunting, Johnson & Pearson, 2012). This means that Aspen Company has to be able to detect any act of hacking/intrusion done in their systems. So as to do so, there has to be a forensic response and investigation plan. The forensic response and investigation plan described in this section documents the procedures Aspen Company followed after their hacking/intrusion attack. The forensic response and investigation plan will include; determining the nature of the attack and evidence handling and documentation. Identifying the occurrence of hacking/intrusion attacks even if it is an IT-related issue cannot always be the sole obligation

Simple Recipe Of Making Macaroni And Cheese Essay

Simple Recipe Of Making Macaroni And Cheese - Essay Example The only thing you should be aware of is that before making any dish you should always wash your hands and clean yourself so as not to contaminate the dish and make a healthy and fresh one. After this process of approximately 15 minutes, you will have a yummy, fresh and ready to eat a meal of macaroni and cheese. The first and foremost step is to boil the macaroni and for that, you will need to take a medium-sized pan and fill it with six cups of water. Make sure that the water does not flow out when the noodles are poured in the water. Place this pan over the stove and turn it to the highest temperature then wait for the water to boil. While waiting, use your time constructively and efficiently by gathering all the ingredients and utensils needed for this dish. This is done to make sure that they are on the counter, at hand ready to be used when needed. The ingredients include a 1/4th cup of milk, 1/4th cup of margarine, macaroni noodles from the box and cheese sauce mix which is also provided in the box. The utensils needed are a strainer for draining the macaroni after it is boiled. By this time, the water must have started boiling if large bubbles are constantly rising on the surface of the pan. The process of boiling the water will probably take around seven to ten minutes. Now put the d ry noodles from the box into this pan of boiling water and keep stirring the noodles so they do not stick to the bottom of the pan. Make sure to use a plastic spoon and not a metal one to avoid the risk of burning your hand. Don’t leave the stove unattended or else the macaroni might stick together or even become softened. You can even check the macaroni by tasting it and once it reaches the perfect texture and density, you can then drain it.

Video case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Video case - Assignment Example This would enhance creation of a sales force. Secondly, Mary Kay had to come up with the right products for the Indian market. This is important for brand creation that is identified with a certain quality and value. Finally, a good infrastructure or supply chain process would be essential in order to allow the company to be profitable in the market. A good supply chain would be vital for servicing the sales force.In order for the Company to ensure that it remains profitable it had to produce products specifically and exclusively for the Indian market. They also had to work with local manufactures to ensure that they qualified in production of quality Mary Kay products. The brand building in Indian market involved product mix and pricing which involved the following four brands. The company had to keep offering simple and skin care focussed products for the sales force in India and for a new operation. Secondly, the company had to keep the products price friendly while conveying quality and value as compared to the competitors. Third, it was important to ensure that they avoided products that would phase out shortly after the launch of the company. Lastly, the company had to address the key products categories of skin care, colour based cosmetics and body care that suited the Indian market. The mentioned guidelines were important in ensuring that average middle-class consumers would be able to access the products by meeting the local needs and expectations. Additionally, affordability and value for the products was achieved, by focussing on what the market wanted. The guidelines were also important in ensuring that they maintained many months of in ventories after establishing the product in India. Indian market faces similarity with that of China in that they both have a large population. Currently, India is estimated to have a population of about 1.1 billion people with a ten year projection estimated to surpass the population

Information technology Essay Example for Free

Information technology Essay Information technology pertains to electronic tools that facilitate several processes that are commonly employed in an institution, including the collection, storage, retrieval and transfer of information from one site to another. It should be understood that information technology increases the speed in data handling not only within one institution, but also within a network that may be composed of multiple sites around the world. Information technology thus enhances the transmission of data, as well as increases the volume of processes that could be performed at the same time. The state of information technology has rapidly evolved in the last few decades, resulting in its application in almost every field of profession. In the field of medicine, information technology has improved the quality of healthcare by facilitating different processes in the system. Information technology has revolutionized the storage and maintenance of medical records (Hillestad et al. , 2005). The classical method of record keeping involves thousands of files in every healthcare institution and a group of highly efficient record keepers who meticulously store and retrieve patient medical records. In the event that the patient needs to consult with another department or physician of the hospital, his records are physically retrieved from the files and carried over to the next clinic. Unfortunately, consulting another physician in another hospital would be more challenging as a referral document needs to be written and delivered to the next institution before the patient is allowed to appear for a medical consult. Information technology has revolutionized healthcare by converting patient records in an electronic format that could be retrieved at any time a physician (Bardach et al. , 2009). In addition, the electronic format facilitates the manner of reviewing the patient’s chart as his history is immediately available at the click of specific commands on the software. This technology thus saves time in physically performing retrieval tasks, which in turn can be critical when the medical condition of a patient is quite serious. Electronic medical records also expands the capacity of consolidating information on a particular patient, as all test records could be integrated into one single file. The employment of electronic medical records also improves the communication between the patient and the physician, mainly due to the ease and speed of accessing the patient’s chart (Hsu et al. , 2005). Instead of spending time in finding the patient’s records in the filing cabinet, the physician thus spends more time in assessing the patient’s current condition and in designing a treatment regimen for the patient. With this setting of ample interaction and personal attention from the physician, the patient will feel properly attended to by his physician. It should be understood that the positive interaction between the physician and the patient strongly influences the success and adherence of the patient to a treatment plan. The application of information technology to healthcare has also enhanced the capacity in prescribing medications to patients (Garrido et al. , 2005). Using a patient database for administered drugs, physicians and pharmacists can quickly check specific medications and dosages that have been given to a particular patient. There are many cases of intoxication or drug-drug interactions as there are usually no available information of previous medications that a patient has taken and retrieval of paper-based records takes some time to complete. Pharmacies can also monitor the amount of drugs that have been supplied to the patients and regulate the amount of refills, which in turn can prevent drug abuse or intoxication. Healthcare has also benefited from information technology by facilitating physicians in requesting for medical procedures. Instead of having a physician provide a written request for a diagnostic test or medical procedure, information technology allows the physician to request the same procedures through a hospital database and just direct the patient to proceed to the next clinic or laboratory. Information technology also upgrades the method of making decisions with regards to specific medical conditions. It is a frequent occurrence that a patient develops a disease that needs to be attended by several doctors of different specializations. It is thus common to find a medical team composed of a cardiologist, pulmonologist, anesthesiologist and surgeon, discussing the condition of a single patient. Each of these specialists has very hectic schedules and thus it is difficult for them to be at a single site to discuss a patient’s condition. Information technology allows case discussions between specialists through the use of teleconferences, which involves computer-based software in providing both visual and audio access to other sites of the network. Information technology has also helped healthcare institutions consult specialists who may be in another hospital within the country and in another institution across the globe. Patient records, as well as data images from diagnostic tests from computerized tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or electrocardiograms, could be electronically sent to any other point around the world without any deterioration in the quality of the data. This feature increases the capacity of a healthcare institution in completing an assessment of a patient and in designing of the next appropriate procedure or treatment that should be performed on the patient. Healthcare has significantly improved through the adaptation of information technology. Electronic data storage, retrieval and transmission have enhanced the capacity for physicians and other healthcare personnel to review and follow specific instructions in taking care of patients. Prescription of drugs and monitoring of conditions of the patient has also improved as electronic formats have been installed in almost every hospital department. The improvement of healthcare using information technology has also increased the time that could be spent in personally attending to patients, which ultimately enhances the quality of healthcare services.

The Cause Of Premature Puberty Children And Young People Essay

The Cause Of Premature Puberty Children And Young People Essay It is usually young girls who are the victims of sexualisation. The media teaches them inappropriate behaviours that are frequent in older women and represents them in a sexualized way. Many young girls look up to models and celebrities. Many teenage girls look up to and copy the hair, makeup and wardrobe of celebrities like Kim Kardashian; who is popular with men and became famous because of a sex tape. Young girls dont want to look like strong successful women who are less attractive. The media puts a strong emphasis on their idea of beauty for example you would see a slim sexy women on a mens magazine however you are less likely to see an overweight women. Many media and entertainment sources promote this ideal beauty image to young girls. For example TV shows and ads, music videos, toys, beauty pageants for under 10 year olds, clothes and magazines all promote sexualisation. Interpersonal relationships with friends, family and teachers can also contribute to sexualizing girls. Parents can encourage girls to have a good appearance and take pride in the way they look which will make them believe this is an important aim for them. Sarah Burge was in the newspapers for controversially giving her 8 year old daughter a cosmetic surgery voucher for liposuction for when she turns 18 she has also admitted to giving her teenage daughter Botox. Girls can also sexualise themselves. They want to buy product that are meant to make them look more sexy and attractive and copy the celebrities who they label sexy. Research in the APA report Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls suggests that teachers can also push sexualisation on girls by encouraging them to be sexualized women. More findings suggest teachers believe girls who are of Black origin are viewed as hypersexual and are not likely to accomplish success in school. Peer pressure also contributes to sexualisation. Over a quarter of teenagers are having sex before 16. Further research from child line suggests that 15% of callers talking about peer pressure connected it with sex. The pressure to have sex came from other girls (NSPCC 2011) The media effects a childs thinking with their focus on looks and appearance shaping how a child views the perfect body image. Teenagers today are getting sex education and socialization mainly from media sources and children are exposed to large amount of explicit sexual content which they cant process. Valuable time for them to develop with their age is taken away (Olfman 2009). In the early 19th century many children were orphaned and pushed into the adult world where they had to work however they managed it to the best of their ability because TV and media didnt have such a big impact as it has today. The media however thinks it is the responsibility of the parents to decide what they let their children watch and to shield them from what they view as inappropriate. Parents allow their children to watch films that are not age appropriate. When a child wants to look different parents automatically panic thinking it is not normal. A child supporting the Goth look can be seen as abno rmal and they are suspected of doing wrong as it is different to the common appearance accepted in society and media. Fredrickson Roberts in 1997 came up with the Objectification theory which suggests several women and girls are sexually objectified and seen and treated as an object only recognized for how other people can use them. According to Bartky it is when the body parts of a female are highlighted and detached from the female as a whole person so she is seen only as a sexual object for a man. This makes a women start evaluating herself and her appearance (APA 2007) Shugarts (2003) did a study on the media and TV coverage of the U.S. womens football team in 1999 to show how the team was sexualized and found 3 ways in which they were sexualized. The first was subtle sexualisation taking place through passive objectification. He found pictures concentrating more on the athletes face instead of her performance. Secondly was less subtle sexualization which took place due to the remarks made by the commentators, the presenters and media. When an athlete took her top off after to celebrate scoring the winning goal they made comments about her breasts. Many male athletes celebrate scoring a goal in football in the same way however their body parts arent commented on the way a womans are. Thirdly vigilant heterosexuality also was seen, again in the remarks made by the commentators when their families appeared in the foreground showing they were not lesbians and had husbands and children. They were stereotyped as lesbians just because they were playing a sport popular with men. This kind of sexualisation makes the athleticism of the female athletes insignificant because the strength of the athlete has been seen as sexual for men and taken as a way of pleasurable for them. Effects of Sexualization Young girls can suffer from poor body Image and low self esteem leading to eating disorders. America the beautiful is a film about perceptions of beauty and media. It shows issues teenagers and children have with their body image because of the media. Gerren Taylor who was a popular model discovered at 12 years old was later told she didnt fit the requirements of a model anymore because she was seen as not thin enough. The film showed a study of the effects TV had on the people of Fiji in the 1990s. The results found that girls in Fiji did not have eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia when there was no TV however 3 years after TV was introduced, around 11% of girls confessed to vomiting in order to lose weight. The film also showed magazine editors who said they dont want ugly people on their magazine covers because they wont sell. This film clearly shows how big of an impact TV and media have on children. Research suggests 4 out of 5 10 year old children are frightened of becom ing fat. A survey was conducted by people magazine and women roughly 80% said pictures of other women on TV and in films made them insecure about themselves (The Eating Disorder Foundation 2005) According to Durham (2009) young girls describe Barbie as having the perfect body. Barbies body interpreted to human size as being tall with a slim waist and big breasts and weighing 110 pounds which according to medical experts is far too skinny. Many women in the entertainment industry also have this Barbie style body. Men and boys also have a fake perception of beauty. The media shows images of men who are tall, handsome, have a full head of hair, strong and muscular. Boys think this is the way they should be. An article in the Independent showed that 12 year old boys are taking muscle building steroids to attract girls. Other effects of sexualisation include depression, poor concentration, risky sexual behaviour and unhappiness in relationships. According to the about kids health (2012) website; 6 hours of some source of media is viewed by a child each day. 12% of comments in prime time TV shows were sexual and had some kind of sexual objectification aimed at women. These TV programs were mostly watched by children and adolescents. Music videos and song lyrics can also be sexualised. 81% have sexual imagery in them which objectifies the women by showing them wearing revealing clothes, dancing provocatively, body parts are emphasized, posing to show sexual readiness. There whole purpose of being in the videos is because they are good to look at (APA 2002) Research shows that 45 prime time TV shows popular with teenagers in 1996 were analyzed and the results showed that the teenagers and young adults in the show spoke about sex and/or displayed some kind of sexual behaviour(Brown 2002). Most horror movies have something sexual in them. Boys arent seen as sexualized victims but girls are. There are scenes of girls undressing, w earing revealing clothing, having showers at the time of the assault. This makes boys watching sexually aroused when the violence takes place. This combination of pleasure and violence is worrying. In Disney films which are primarily aimed at children, current heroines like Pocahontas, Jasmine and Areal are sexier than some other Disney heroines like Cinderella and their bodies are similar to the half naked women you see in magazines. Around 72% of British people think sexualized ads and media is too common these days. 64% said there is a lot more pressure on children to engage in sexualized behaviour with 55% agreeing that they do behave in a sexualized way. 70% believe that there is a lot of inappropriate clothing for children around with 69% agreeing that children are wearing clothes that are not suitable for them in terms of their age. 70% believe parents are too laid back in regards to what they allow their children to watch and a small 16% believed sexualisation is not a bad thing (Yougov/Alice Moran 2012) Another survey conducted by the Australian childhood foundation 2005 discovered 85% of parents alleged that their children are growing up too quickly. The Australian Institute produced a discussion paper on the sexualisation of children in Australia and found there is a pressure for children and pre-teens from advertising companies and this limits a childs freedom to grow in their own time and ways. (Rush and Nauze 2006) They had found that the girls 20% of 5, 6 and 11 year old girls brought magazines such as Disney Girl, Total Girl and Barbie magazine. When analyzing these magazines it was found that they encourage them to look up to celebrities like Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton; bearing in mind she was famous for a sex tape and they want girls to look up to her. They also found they teach them to dance in a provocative way, they again have hair, makeup and fashion tips for young girls and encourage them to picture young adult males as their dream boyfriends. All this targeted at girls aged 11 and under. Young girls are exposed to music videos from girl bands like the Pussycat dolls who have worn corsets, mini skirts, knee high boots and other sexualized clothing in their music videos. Many toys are also sexualized for example Bratz dolls have heavy makeup on and are dressed in sexy clothing similar to the Pussycat dolls. These dolls are supposed to be for girls aged 4-8. This could send the wrong message to young girls making them think this is the way they should look and dress this way. It could have a negative effect on boys as they may begin to think this is how every girl should look like. Psychologist Michael Carr-Gregs said kids are being taken out of childhood by unprincipled media and marketers who are only concerned about their own business and profit. I find a hip and sexy 10 year old quite disconcerting. 8 years old girls dont want to be their age anymore instead they want to be 13 (Brooks 2008, page 17) The media construct sex and sexuality in ways which disrupt the healthy sexual development of girls and children. While young they are shown too many pictures and messages about sex and sexuality which can be harmful for them. Young people are having sex too early as shown by the rates of teenage pregnancy in the United States. Nearly 750,000 women and girls ages 15-19 in the United States become pregnant every year. It is also found the STDs are also very common in youngsters ages 13-24. In the United States they were the 17% of people who had been diagnosed with HIV or AIDS (Kost and Henshaw 2012) There can be dangers to sexualisation for example the case of 6 year old child beauty queen JonBenet Ramsay who was killed in her home at just 6 years old. Each night she was shown dressed up like an adult on TV. Her publicity as a child beauty queen exposed her to dangerous individuals. Beauty pageants dress children up as adults training them to compete against each other. These pageants have a strong focus on physical appearance which could affect children when they grow older as they start craving to be physically perfect. The results of a 2005 study showed that children who competed in beauty pageants showed more body dissatisfaction than others. There are many inappropriate kids clothing around today. Finkelstein states that appearance has deceived others for years and clothes can be used to mislead others about age (Brooks 2008, page 80) Sexualisation triggers vulnerability to abuse. According to the NSPCC, an Italian study discovered a link with teenage girls watching porn and them suffering sexual violence. A survey was conducted in 2008 on boys ages 14 to 17 year olds. The results showed 27% were watched adult pornography each week among them 5% were viewing it each day. (NSPCC 2011) Boys get an unrealistic image of sex and relationships by watching pornography. Many girls in relationships suffer sexual or physical abuse and are experience some form of control by their partners. Some research suggests that sexualisation of young children through media does not make them more open to sexual abuse and sees this as one of her myths of child sexual abuse. Sanderson (2006) suggests sexual predators are attracted to childhood innocence instead of a child wearing provocative clothes and make up. As girls ages 7 or 8 are dressing more provocatively, paedophiles are preying on more younger and childlike children. Lolita is a story about a 12 year old girl who attracts her step father unwillingly. He becomes obsessed with her and in the book it is clear that she is a powerless victim of abuse from her stepfather. Durham (2009) found that the media constantly represent her as an immoral little girl or a metaphor for a child vixen. The media makes Lolita look like some kind of sex object for example an article read Bring back school uniforms for little Lolitas This article supported fashions for sexy school girls. A perfume inspired by Lolita also caused controversy. Marc Jacobs Oh Lola perfume was banned by the Advertising Standards Authority because the ad pictured a 17 year old actress with a large perfume bottle in between her legs. As she is underage this is seen as sexualising a child. It is important for parents to be aware and in control of the programs children watch and prevent them watching adult content. Parents should join their children in watching TV to be fully aware of what is being watched. An important point is to speak to children about any sexual behaviours seen and explain what is acceptable and when. This is also a good opportunity to talk about what their thoughts are and whether they are having any problems like peer pressure outside the home. Also to explain the body images they see and discuss what is and what isnt healthy. References Olfman, S.0, (2009) The Sexualization of Childhood. 1st ed. United States: Praeger Publishers Inc. NSPCC. (2011) NSPCC response to the Bailey Review on the Commercialisation and Sexualisation of Childhood . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nspcc.org.uk/inform/policyandpublicaffairs/consultations/2011/bailey_review_wdf81521.pdf. [Accessed 01 November 12]. Brooks, K B, (2008) Consuming Innocence: Popular Culture and Our Children. 1st ed. Australia: University of Queensland Press. The Eating Disorder Foundation (2005) About Eating Disorders. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.eatingdisorderfoundation.org/EatingDisorders.htm#BodyImage. [Accessed 02 November 12]. Durham, M G, (2009) The Lolita Effect: The Media Sexualization of Young Girls and What We Can Do About It. 1st ed. New York: Gerald Duckworth Co Ltd. AboutKidsHealth. (2012). Sexy babies: how sexualization hurts girls. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/News/NewsAndFeatures/Pages/Sexy-babies-how-sexualization-hurts-girls.aspx. [Accessed 07 November 12]. Brown, J D, (2002) Sexual Teens, Sexual Media: Investigating Medias Influence on Adolescent Sexuality. 1st ed. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Inc. YouGov/Alice Moran. (2012). Sexualisation in the media. [ONLINE] Available at: http://yougov.co.uk/news/2011/06/09/sexualisation-media/. [Accessed 07 November 12]. The Australia Institute/Rush E, Nauze A. (2006). Letting Children Be Children Stopping the sexualisation of children in Australia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tai.org.au/documents/dp_fulltext/DP93.pdf. [Accessed 09 November 12]. Kost and Henshaw (2012). U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions, 2008: National Trends by Age, Race and Ethnicity. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/USTPtrends08.pdf. [Accessed 09 November 12]. Sanderson, C S, (2006). Counselling Adult Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse. 3rd ed. London: Jessica Kingsley Pictures Nick Allen, (2010), JonBenet Ramsey a child beauty queen was brutally murdered in her home in Boulder, Colorado [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8044818/JonBenet-Ramsey-murder-case-reopened.html [Accessed 10 November 12]. Olivia Bergin/Juergen Teller, (2011), Dakota Fannings Oh, Lola! advert for Marc Jacobs [ONLINE]. Available at: http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/article/TMG8876913/Dakota-Fannings-Oh-Lola-advert-for-Marc-Jacobs-is-banned.html [Accessed 10 November 12]. The Society Pages/Lisa Wade. (2011) ADULTIFICATION SEXUALIZATION OF GIRLS IN FRENCH VOGUE. [ONLINE] Available at: http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2011/01/08/adultification-and-sexualization-of-girls-in-french-vogue/. [Accessed 07 November 12]. monicahicks, (2011), Starting too young? [ONLINE]. Available at: http://monicahicks.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/38/ [Accessed 11 November 12]. Rebecca M Gruber, (2011), 5 items that are too racy for baby [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.lilsugar.com/Inappropriate-Clothes-Kids-14431123 [Accessed 11 November 12]. Lucy Waterlow, (2012), Controversial: Sarah gave daughter Hannah Botox injections when she was just a teenager [ONLINE]. Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2139468/Sarah-Burge-Human-Barbie-set-launch-daughter-Poppy-US-pageant-scene.html [Accessed 11 November 12].

Changes in Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in the Moder

Changes in Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses in the Moder Nursing staff have seen their roles and responsibilities change considerably within the modernisation of the NHS, but is this a good thing? There are some big changes in the nursing field in the last 50 years such as, uniform, salaries, job demand, the roles of nurses, the different roles for men and women nurses, the technology used, Litigation and Documentation, Holistic Care and patient load. Nurses are becoming more popular and demanding in all sorts of different working environments such as, working in nursing homes, hospitals, home help, travel nurse, school nurse and more. Years ago, nurses were seen just as little more than helpers or assistants for doctors. Today in 2010, nurses are health care professionals in their own right. They are bright, capable, and often have a clearer picture of the overall situation than the doctors they work alongside with. Nursing has not only changed on the face of it but the background work of a nurse has changed to, for example the education given to nurses, the scope of policies and practice, the structures of nurses and the principles of the care of the patient. People are lead to believe that the modernisation of the NHS will be beneficial to the care of the patient, but is this really the case? Due to the increasingly shortage of nurses, they have learned to be more independent which is an outstanding way to increase skills and keep up to date with the new trends in health care. As well as nursing changing, health care in general has changed too. Within the modernisation of the NHS and nursing the care of the patients is still the everlasting goal. This means that there is more work for the nurses, which then has a knock on affect leading to less satisfaction of patient care. Although the NHS and government are doing their best to modernize nursing with the patients interests are heart, it seems like there is less time for care due to time, but more time for paperwork. The Department of Health has laid down certain policy initiatives, targets and structural and organizational changes that can improve the quality of care received by patients through the NHS. These changes are emphasized along with the need for multi-agency and multi-organizational collaborative working acros s disciplinary boundaries. The four key interfaces for which collaboration and coordination measures are being suggested are health and social care; general medical and community health services; primary and secondary care; and interface with carers (DoH, 1996). The education of nurses now days are a lot more intense and harder than it was 10 years ago. Over the last 10 years, there has been a gradual shift for the education and training of nurses. Currently all nurses have to be trained to a degree university level before they can practice as a fully qualified nurse. Opportunities for nurses have increased by large, with one training opportunity being through the internet although this method of training has to be approved by the NHS. On the other hand, years ago nurses only had to have a diploma or LPNS. Now days all nurses have to attend and complete continuing education courses to keep up to date with the new trends and information used in the current day. In addition to the higher and more advanced education, which nurses now have to have, there comes an increases scope of practice. In the current worlds, nurses are doing more and going places that in the past they would not be allowed to have done. The scope of practice is an expression used for various professions that define the procedures, actions, and processes that are allowed to be used and practiced. In the health care profession, there are many different jobs with very different defined scope of practice laws and regulations. These include nursing, social workers, speech and language pathology,  audiologists,  training, radiography,  nuclear medicine, dentists, surgeons, paramedics, physicians and many more. In the interest of the patients, it is a good thing that nurses are allowed to do more and more as there are more doctors than nurses, so the patients may be seen quicker, but on the other hand, it is not a good thing as nurses are doing more and maybe caring for th e patient need and wished less. Nowadays in hospitals, the wards are not gender mixed although the nurses are gender mixed between wards. The stereotypical roles of a nurse have change a lot since the 1990s. There are more male nurses but still not enough. However although there are still not enough male nurses, the female domination of nurses is slowly decreasing and now more men are entering the caring profession. For patients the more male nurses is a good thing because some patients i.e. men prefer to be treated by a man. For example, a man may like to be washed by a man and not a woman for dignity reasons. In addition, for years, the majority of nursing was thought of as a female profession but every year more and more males are joining the nursing profession. Nowadays being a male nurse does not have a stigma attached to it and is now seen as a very good career. The demand of nurses now in 2010 is by large massive. The NHS is always asking for more nurses. When the baby boom started there was a very large need for nurses but as the baby boom is decreasing now there is time and money for improvement of standards of living and disease control, our citizens are living longer. As the general population increases, so too does the demand for nurses. Now more than ever nurses are overworked but with the increasingly shortage of nurses they have to work harder and longer hours, which again is not benefiting the patients. Because of the nursing demand and staff shortage, staffs are taking more sick days due to excessive stress and lack of sleep and self-time. This is because nursing is very demanding on a person not just mentally but physically too. This is seriously compromising the NHS. In 2010 compared to 1980, there is a lot more technology for nurses to use and to be trained to use. Nurses today have to keep up to date with a lot more technology than a nurse 50 years would have had to. Technology can be seen as a good gadget and as a bad gadget, because not only do nurses have to provide basic and skilled care, they also have to learn how to work with many types of equipment that are specific to their area of expertise. The more popular piece of technology used every day by a nurse is a computer. Nurses use them every day as a way to document the care given to a patient. Although new technology is a good advantage for health care, it has its negatives, for example training the staff to use it costs a lot of money, but on the other hand, it can save lifes. Other important technology that is used every day that benefits a patient is, air mattresses as they help to prevent DVTs and assistance with IV insertion which has made things a lot simpler. All of the new high tech equipment being simplified is for user- friendliness, which means that the new methods are speeding things up. Lastly, infection control plays a big part in the NHS every day, so new technology is being developed all the time, although the basic hand washing procedures remain very much the same. There are many different approaches to nursing care, one being the holistic care. This type of care has become more and more popular. The commutations between the Health and Allied Health services improving, a total Patient Care Model has come about. Resulting in decreased in-patient times and better health outcomes. The holistic care has been seen more popular within the complementary therapies and concepts. The patient load that a nursed has is massive. In America, there was a debate about the amount of patients under care of nurses. In 1999, the debate was won and there was a cap of the amount of patients allowed under care of one nurse. The results have been very effective from happier staff and better care for patients. There should be a cap in the UK. The changes of nursing over the last 10 years have been welcomed with open arms, but there are still teething problems and views that need to be heard. Optimal patient care is in a constant battle with budget and we can expect to see new policy reforms, new technology, and new demands created in the decade to come. It remains the responsibility of not only the nurses, but also the patients of the future, to voice their opinions in order to guide the Industry in the right direction. Nurses are now expected to come with a bigger patents load but more paper work as well. The importance of the paper work has increases over the last 10 years. This is due to the society that we now live in as it has been raised to need someone to blame for everything. As a nurse or doctor there are many emotional people around you every day as people are dying all the time. Therefore, sometimes people sue the nurses and doctors as they are upset and think the person died due to the NHSs fault. Following this, nurses and doctors keep finding themselves in court. Even if they have not done anything, all allegations have to be investigated. This is the reason for paperwork there is to write up. Paperwork is the only solid setting stone and proof/ backup of a nurses care. A nurse is required to document every blood pressure reading, every medication, every incident, and every day. They have to  account  for every action, and put it all in writing. The problem with documentation is th at it takes time. More time for documentation means less time for patients. Plain and simple. The polices that nurses have to follow are very similar across the whole world. In Australia, the no-lift policy was introduced in the late 1990s. To date the policy is still used and the nurses are trained using this policy. No-Lift means using Lifting Machines to mobilise patients, using slide sheets to manoeuvre them around the bed and promoting back care in general. Although this concept is yet to be adopted in the UK, the benefits are becoming obvious and discussions have begun on the implementation of a similar policy in the UK. There are many different types of nurses that work in the community and in the hospitals. These can range from, Adult nurses, mental health nurses, Childrens nurses, Learning disability nurses, District nurses, Neonatal nursing, Health visitors, Practice nurses, Prison nurses, School nurses and Healthcare assistants. There are also many different levels to being a nurse. A health care assistant is under a nurse, and then you have staff nurses, then sisters and ward sisters and then nurse manager/ matron. All in all these all make up our NHS and work as a team to provide the best possible care for the patient. There is a large scale of pay, which starts at around  £13,000 to  £67,000. The above table shows how the NHS works. The last 40 years nurses uniform has changed but not that much. In the 1960s nurses still wore dresses and stocking .In the 1970†²s more changes came to the way nurses dressed. Dresses were a little shorter and the white caps were beginning to lose importance in some hospitals across the country. In the 1980†²s there was an end of the nursing caps altogether. Nurses also began wearing disposable aprons at this point rather than cloth aprons and medical facilities became much less militant in regards to restrictions on jewellery and cosmetics. During the 1990†²s and today, nursing dresses have been replaced with much more user-friendly scrub suits. Scrub suits can be found in a wide variety of colours and styles. Some hospitals have specific scrub suit colours for different types of hospital staff and others allow nurses and other staff to choose colours and styles that appeal to them. Todays nursing uniforms are designed more for function than form but are also conside red much more comfortable than those worn throughout history are. There are many different theories towards nursing. The three main ones are needs based theories. The main point being that the focus of nursing is the assessment and care of the patients / clients needs, which they are unable to meet for themselves. The second theory is interactions theories. The main point of this being the focus of nursing is the relationship between the nurse and the patient / client. Lastly, the other theory is the goal-based theories. The main point again being that the focus of nursing is the outcome and emphasis is placed on facilitating the ability of the patient / client to adapt to changes in their health and regain stability and harmony. Today in the NHS nursing takes on a role of the biomedical model. The biomedical model has been around since the mid- nineteenth century as the most common model used to diagnose diseases. The biomedical model states that All illness and symptoms arise from underlying abnormality in the body, all diseases give rise to symptoms and that health is absence of disease. The model overlooks the fact that the diagnosis is a result of commutation between doctor and patient. Biomedical model has no doubt led to huge medical advances although the patient has little responsibility for presence /cause of illness. In conclusion, the changes in roles and responsibilities of nurses in the modernisation of the NHS can beneficial towards the patients but can also be damaging towards the patients. This is due to lack of staff and increased working hours, more paperwork, and more tasks that a nurse has to do and there are generally more patients now than 10 years ago. Therefore, a nurse has less time caring for the patients needs. On the other hand, the modernisation is seen as a good thing because there is more technology nowadays to make the nurses life easier, which also get a more persist result. Within the context of policies and procedures there are no many more rules than year ago, which does make a nurses life maybe easier but maybe harder. With all of these changes to nurses and the NHS in general, is the modernization is good thing, does it have the patients interests are heart or is it about saving money?

SIR :: essays research papers

CANTERBURY TALES THE MERCHANT’S TALE Chaucer has let January become the character he is partially down to the fact of his age. We know January is highly sexually driven without a doubt. Yet Chaucer leads us to believe that this is down to his personality and character rather than his age being used as a justifiable tool; so what if the man is 60 he still wants to have sex right? We are told that January has a sexual appetite and regularly feeds with mostly a selection of middle aged women, so when he acquires himself a young and "untouched" girl as a wife we are taken aback. At this point Chaucer casts age into the conundrum and we begin to see just how January thinks and more precisely what he desires. Justinus and placebo's scene with January for me is more like him talking to himself and there being an angel on one shoulder and a devil on the other. (This scene is very resemblant of Dr Faustus in which the Good Angel and Evil Angel appear to Faustus.) Placebo is the "devil" and the free thinking conscienceless side of January whilst Justinus is the angel who shows morals and ethics. This is almost an externalization of his mind frame, revealing both halves of his thought. Chaucer has used this scene well to show us exactly the knight's thoughts. As the characters tell him what they think, inversely it is really what he thinks. (He chooses to ignore Justinus and by listening to Placebo he listens to what he wants and desires.) The recklessness for January is his great lack of realism. Not only is it portrayed by the way he expects to have a young wife at the age of 60, but by the way he thinks that he "still has it" and that his age has not affected his status with women. This is one of the seven sins that Chaucer uses in all of the Canterbury tales; vanity. This is reinforced by the way he refuses to listen to Justinus. Although he is a bachelor right unto the point where he meets May and marries her, we have been given little or no real background to his life, his age and his masochistic ways. The total expectation of a "young and fair" wife is surely meant to be interpreted as arrogance. Yet the way January voices his expectation, one casts asides their views of his arrogance and surprisingly adopt one of empathy towards him.

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Suicide Death Essays

Classical American Pragmatism and Assisted Suicide ABSTRACT: Helping people to die may involve killing and/or alleviation of pain in a dying person. A dual commitment to the avoidance of killing and the alleviation of pain raises the question of whether these two ways of helping people are always compatible. This paper addresses the question through use of sources in classical American pragmatism and contemporary bioethics. First, I apply Charles Peirce’s notion of pragmatism to the concept of killing through consideration of the empirical consequences of alternative interpretations. James Rachels’ account of the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is critiqued in this analysis. Second, I examine what it means to relieve pain by relating Jane Addams’ concept of maternal nurturance to an ethic of care and opposition to killing. Utilizing these concepts, I apply William James’ notion of pragmatism as a method of mediating or straddling different theoretical approaches to resolve the apparent in compatibility between pain relief and the avoidance of killing. To address social concerns raised by the practice of helping people to die, I propose a corrective insight of Addams, along with John Dewey, about the role of the philosopher as social critic. Thus understood, pragmatism is a means of avoiding abuses that may occur in the process. I conclude that so long as permissive practices are restrained sufficiently to avoid injustices, it is morally both possible and desirable to resist killing while relieving pain. Here is the doubt that triggers my inquiry: I have two beliefs that are apparently at odds. The first is that we should never kill; the second, that we should always attempt to alleviate pain. The apparent conflict between these beliefs arises from the fact that death may constitute the ultimate pain relief. Certain caveats attach to both beliefs. For example, killing in self-defense or to save others’ lives is acceptable, (1) and inflicting pain through medical interventions in order to cure or restore function is also acceptable. (2) In general, however, both beliefs dispose me, as Peirce would put it, (3) to distinct plans or habits of action: avoidance of killing and provision of pain relief. In health care, the commitment never to kill implies that euthanasia is wrong, and the commitment to alleviate pain demands actions that may hasten the dying process. The question that arises from these two commitments is whether both can be sustained simultaneously. Can I always and in every case avoid killing and alleviate pain?

Critical and Creative Thinking Essay

INTRODUCTION What is thinking? Basically, thinking is one way for human to practice the act or exercise their intellectual or process of thought. In other way, thinking can also mean as a way of reasoning and judgment. In easier words, thinking is the active process by which human develops by understandings of us, others and our world. The process of thinking enables us to solve problems, interpret information, make sense of our feelings and attitudes, discuss important issues, establish beliefs, and work toward the completion of goals. Thinking is an essential component in our life as a human being. As saying by Bill Beattie goes, â€Å"The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to think – rather to improve our minds, so as to enable us to think for ourselves, than to load the memory with thoughts of other men.† Thinking can be derived in two ways, critical thinking and also creative thinking. Critical thinking is active and purposeful thinking about how we arrive at our understandings of everything in this world and selecting those modes of thinking which are most successful in clarifying and enhancing our understanding. Critical thinking is self-guided, self-disciplined thinking which attempts to reason at the highest level of quality in a fair-minded way. People who think critically in a consistent manner attempt to live rationally, reasonably, and empathically. â€Å"The function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. Intelligence plus character – that is the goal of true education.† – Martin Luther King, Jr. Critical thinking is an exceptional mode of thinking about any subject, content, or problem – in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skilfully taking charge of the structures inherent in thinking and imposing intellectual standards upon them. Creative thinking is a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh perspective that suggests unusual solutions which may look unsettling at first but eventually become useful and brilliant. Creative thinking can be inspired both by an unstructured process such as brainstorming, and by a structured process such as lateral thinking (higher order thinking). A simple definition of creativity is the ability to imagine or invent something new. However, creativity is not the ability to create out of nothing, but the ability to generate new ideas by combining, changing, or reapplying existing ideas. Some creative ideas are surprising and brilliant, while others are just simple, good, practical ideas that no one seems to have thought of yet. â€Å"Creative thinking is not a talent; it is a skill that can be learnt. It empowers people by adding strength to their natural abilities which improves teamwork, productivity and where appropriate profits.† — Edward de Bono Creative thinking is the process which we use when we come up with a new idea. It is the merging of ideas which have not been merged before. Brainstorming is one form of creative thinking: it works by merging someone else’s ideas with your own to create a new one. You are using the ideas of others as a stimulus for your own. This creative thinking process can be accidental or deliberate. â€Å"It is the function of creative people to perceive the relations between thoughts, or things or forms of expression that may seem utterly different, and to combine them into some new forms, the power to connect the seemingly in connected.† – William Plomer The importance of critical and creative thinking is undeniable. In order to comply with the National Education Philosophy; which emphasize on the development of a whole-rounded individuals and capable of taking challenges, CCTS is very crucial and important to be nurtured in every students or individual. Part 1 – CURRENT SITUATION OF CCTS IN SCHOOL. I have been working as a contract teacher for 3 years in two different schools. Throughout those 3 years, I have been teaching Mathematics for one year and teaching English Language for about 2 years. As far as I can remember, during my contract as an English teacher, CCTS was not being implemented and in fact, I don’t even know the importance of critical and creative thinking skills that have to be highlighted and implemented to the students. But, I realize that the Literature Component that currently being taught in school is very suitable and able to nurture CCTS in students. This is because, it promotes students to think of the situation, analyse the current situation and interpret what is going to happen in the future. Besides, some of the literature components such as poems make students think something outside of the ordinary and be creative to play with the words and also the meaning of the sentences. I remember from my previous course on Literature Component during my contract teacher is that, the awareness as to the need to cultivate CCTS among students in Malaysia has been an issue of concern to many. Malachi Edwin (1992) stated that literature in English besides developing reading skills will also help develop students’ critical thinking skills. He adds that these skills will in turn provide students opportunities to understand themselves and their fellow human beings better. In line with Malachi Edwin’s view on the potentials of literature and its role in the cultivation of CCTS, the present research is aimed at using literature as the base through which CCTS can be promoted effectively. Literature in English has been chosen from the many subjects offered in the Malaysian curriculum for two reasons. Firstly, literature in English can be seen to cut across the various subjects in the curriculum as the contents of literary texts are so diverse that they incorporate social, political, scientific, technological, medical and all other areas of life. Secondly it is an undeniable fact that literature plays an important role in our present curriculum since it is now being taught to students from Form 1 to Form 5 as a component of the English Language syllabus. There is no doubt that the very nature of the subject which requires analysis, solving problems and interpretation can encourages critical and creative thinking. In English Language, other syllabus that are currently being taught such as grammar, reading comprehension and others would not make student to fully use their thinking process. As the knowledge is something that you can remember and it is basically a skill that u can achieve. It is strongly believe that learners can only become proficient language users if they, besides using the language and knowing the meaning, could display creative and critical thinking through the language (Kamarul Kabilan, 2000). This suggests that the learners must be creative in their production of ideas, and critically support them with logical and rational explanation, details and particulars and also examples. For me, as a teacher, it is essential for us to recognise the subject in our curriculum before we can understand and trying to teach students or cultivating CCTS in studying literature. The role of literature in English in the Malaysian curriculum has gone through tremendous changes. Before this, literature components that have been taught in school are just simple to know about the story and how to answer the examination. Most of the students or even teacher do not know that the literature components is actually a powerful tool that can be used to instil critical and creative thinking in students. The English language syllabus for Form Four states clearly a number of objectives of the curriculum but the objective which is of relevance to the present study is Objective Number Three as quoted below: ‘listen to, view, read and respond to different texts, and express ideas, opinions, thoughts and feelings imaginatively and creatively in spoken and written form’. (Huraian Sukatan Pelajaran, Ting IV. KPM, 2003) Part 2 – CHALLENGES FACED IN IMPLEMENTING CCTS IN SCHOOL. There are basically three reasons why CCTS is quite difficult to be implemented in school. They are: 1) Teachers themselves, 2) Students background, and 3) School Authority. First, during my contract with the school, I have never been exposed to CCTS. I don’t even know the existence of CCTS in school. The first time I heard about CCTS is when all English teacher was sent to short courses on Literature Component in 2009. Besides that, I have never know about the training in CCTS and the school never emphasize and put interest in getting the teacher trained in CCTS. Even though the teachers has been sent to the courses on the implementation of CCTS in Literature Component, we have no idea on how to implement the CCTS and still lacking in the idea to teach CCTS in class. We basically have the basic idea of CCTS but the problem is, we do not know how to implement the skills in teaching the language. Besides that, teachers have a lot of responsible rather than teaching students. There is lots of clerical work that should be done. This is somehow can interrupt teachers focus in giving all out in class. Teachers were given work out of their scope. There is too much administrative work and teaching subjects they were not trained for. In Malaysian education context, teachers play huge role in teaching and learning. They determine and direct the content, activities and processes of teaching and learning in classrooms. It is the teachers who decide on the aims, goals, and strategies of teaching to be implemented in classrooms. Unfortunately, not all teachers have the same idea about teaching. It is not only the students who need to think and act creatively and critically but the teacher should also do the same. When I was thinking about the Set Induction for my lesson, I had been challenged to think of a set induction that I had never use or seen before. In making the students interested to what the lesson are going to be for that day, I have been using songs, drama or even quotes from famous celebrities for my induction set. Secondly, the education system should teach students to be great thinkers, not followers. Unfortunately, it did not work out that well. This might be happening because of the student’s background. Sometimes, the family is not very helpful in ensuring the successfulness of one student. Parents also play an important role in providing encouragement for children to learn. Encouragement and incentives such as praise and prizes should be given to kids if they get good results. The education of the child is the collective responsibility of the family members. The education of the children in a family is the collective responsibility of all family members. The student will become a good thinker and they should be able to master critical and creative thinking. As such, they should be trained with activities that have been focused and aimed to produce a high intellect thinker. Unfortunately, not all students are interested because they fail to see the importance of thinking skills or even learning English. In short they do not know why they need to learn English. One way to solve this problem is, we as a teachers have to give a reason and rational in learning English. I have to do this, because students nowadays always want to know or have rewards when they do things, including studying. Thirdly, the school authority can also become a problem for teacher to implement the CCTS. The task given to teachers by the school authority sometimes can take teachers time and energy. Besides that, the teachers need to comply with the syllabus that they had to finish in the given time. This is sometimes can become a challenge for teacher to spend time in conducting critical and creative thinking in class. Even when I was a teacher, I have some difficulties in finishing the syllabus on time, especially Literature Component. When teaching Literature Component, I need to take some extra time to let the students think about the story or poems. Some students do not know how to interpret the information from the poem. This is actually quite hard for teacher to teach the students the thinking skills when there is no enough time. Thinking skills is not something that the teacher can teach over night, but it takes some time to do it. Part 3 – POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION Every problem must have a cure. In order for CCTS to be fully implemented and useful in school system, all the teachers need to be exposed to any new invention in general and ‘thinking skills’ specifically as well as how to incorporate them in the lessons, such as through videos, workshops, talks, and others. Besides that, continuous development must be carried out from time to time as ‘refresher’ course for the teachers. This is because, teacher are just like another human being that always forgets and tend to be careless. Apart from that, teachers need to be aware of the importance of thinking skills so that it will be carried out in the classroom more and can be fully utilised on classroom. Furthermore, the questions asked in the classrooms will determine the ‘thinking’ that the pupils are doing, so teachers need to be exposed and nurtured to have and apply questions and questioning technique that will elicit thinking. Teachers should also know the activity that will be done in classroom. The activity should be able to get students to observe the texts particularly literature components carefully and critically, to draw upon their vocabulary and to think creatively and critically about the material given. Besides training and preparing teacher to be critical and creative, problem-based learning (PBL) can also be one of the methods that can be used to challenge students to learn how to think. Students will work cooperatively in groups to find solutions to real world problems and more importantly, to develop skills to become self-directed learners. Here, the goal of problem-based learning is viewed as learning for capability rather than learning for the sake of acquiring knowledge. Students develop critical thinking abilities by constantly relating what ideas they generate and to what they want to do with the information (Gallagher, 1997). In an activity like problem solving, both kinds of thinking are significant to us. First, we must examine and study the problem; then we must create potential solutions; next we must pick and implement the best solution; and finally, we must assess the efficiency of the solution. As you can see, this process reveals an alternation between the two kinds of thinking, critical and creative. In practice, both kinds of thinking operate together much of the time and are not really independent of each other. Furthermore, for me, as a teacher we have to think aloud in front of our students. Let them hear what are we thinking and puzzling our way slowly through problems in the subject. I have tried to think aloud in class in front of my students, and they show a good response. Especially, when they say that they never think the way that I thought and surprise to hear my thought. But, when doing this, the teacher should voice our thinking slowly and clearly, so the students able to hear them and response to them. In Critical and Creative Thinking Skills class, I have learned about Socratic questioning. Now I know that as a teacher, we have to regularly question our students Socratically. Such as, investigating various dimensions of their thinking: their purpose, their evidence, reasons, data, their claims, beliefs, interpretations, deductions, conclusions, the implications and consequences of their thought, their response to alternative thinking from contrasting points of view, and others. CONCLUSION Creative and critical thinking skills should not be taught separately as an isolated entity, but embedded in the subject matter and woven into the curriculum. Due to this, the present educational system in Malaysia no longer put emphasis on the 3Rs but rather stressed critical thinking skills, scientific skills as well as technological skills in the schools’ curriculum. It is in fact possible to do creative and critical thinking activity often, in any English language class. However, being stuck in the curriculum system as in Malaysia, with the exam-oriented teaching and learning in school, I tend to predict that CCTS will be quite hard to be fully implemented in school. However, with the fresh English curriculum introduced by the Ministry of Education starting from year 2010, I really expect that students will be further exposed with new ways of teaching and learning in English. It was stated that the change of the curriculum involves the language art and grammar components with focus on fun learning as well as the ability converse in Standard English, with emphasis on pronunciation and phonics (Ministry of Education, 2009). If the changes are actually applied and assessments are made on the result, I am certain that we can do better in enlightening the teaching and learning of English in Malaysia and at the same time produce students who are able to think critically and creatively in any situations. REFERENCES Beyer, B. (1987). â€Å"Practical Strategies for the Teaching of Thinking.† Boston: Ally and Bacon Inc. Kamarul Kabilan ( 2000) .Creative and Critical Thinking in language Classroom.The internet TESL Journal, Vol. VI, No. 6, June 2000 retrieved 16th April 2010 from http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Kabilan-CriticalThinking.html Moore,K.D. (2005). Effective instructional strategies: from theory to practice. California: Sage Publications Inc Nurliza Othman (2002) Thinking Skills; A motivational Factor in ELT. Jurnal Pendidikan IPBA (2) 5 2002 ; 101-109 White, R.V. (1995) .New Ways in Teaching Writing. USA : Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages ,Inc